Smoking During Pregnancy

Smoking During Pregnancy The Dangers of Smoking During Pregnancy When a baby is conceived, it is most often a joyous occasion for the parents. A lot of changes are obviously in store for them, as well as some apprehension about what the future holds. They will have approximately nine months to plan for the birth of their child. Undoubtedly, they will begin making arrangements for day care, because they understand that, upon birth, the child will be totally dependent on them for all of his or her needs. What they may not realize is that complete dependence begins long before birth. During the first couple of weeks after conception, the embryo travels from the mothers fallopian tubes to the womb, where it will attach itself to the uterine wall. During this voyage, the embryo will spend its time splitting cells and multiplying rapidly. While the embryo is extremely busy during the first 17 days, this is not an extremely critical time of development when major organ systems are formed. If anything unhealthy is introduced into the mothers body during this time, the affect on the embryo will either be no affect at all or they may completely destroy the embryo, causing a miscarriage. If this happens, it is likely that the woman will have no knowledge that she was ever pregnant (Hawkesley 8). It is an entirely different situation during the next stage of fetal development. Many organ systems are developed during the second stage, which happens from the third to the tenth week of pregnancy. Any abnormality that forms during this time will be present from that time forward (Hawkesley 9). Because this stage is a significant period in which organs are being formed, its unmistakably essential that the mother take tremendous care in what she ingests, injects and inhales into her body. Any unhealthy substance that enters her body may have a tremendous impact on the health of her unborn child. The third stage of fetal development lasts from day 56 until the baby is born (Hawkesley 10). During this time, organs developed in the second stage are simply becoming larger and more robust. While its unlikely harmful substances will affect the development of organs, they may retard the growth of them. It should be noted that the brain continues developing throughout the entire pregnancy, meaning that any harmful toxins used by the mother may, in fact, cause the baby to be born with brain damage (Hawkesley 10). The fetus is attached to the mother by the placenta, which carries all of the oxygen and nutrition it will need until it is born. It is imperative for the mother to eat well-balanced meals because she is not only providing nutrition to her body, but to her babys body as well. Anything she eats, sniffs, injects or inhales will be passed onto the fetus and may impair the development or growth of it. Due to the fact that cigarettes contain 580 carcinogenes in addition to nicotine, smoking is not only harmful to the mother, but it is also extremely harmful to her unborn child. Cigarette smoking can cause a greater chance of miscarriage, premature birth, low birth weight, and placental abruption. These babies also have higher perinatal death rates [stillbirth or death soon after delivery]. It is believed that the carbon monoxide in cigarettes negatively effect the fetuses red blood cells and cause small blood vessels to constrict, consequently reducing the oxygen transferred to the fetus (Thurston 381). Nine months later and the baby is born, apparently healthy. The mothers smoking didnt seem to cause any harm to the child; or did it? There are many other risks associated with smoking during pregnancy. One of them is SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome). While babies appear seemingly healthy, the CDC reports that babies born to mothers who smoked during their pregnancy, have an increased chance of dying from SIDS before their first birthday. The risk is 1.4 to 3.0 times than those babies born to women who did not smoke during their pregnancy (CDC website citation). While its also very important that the mother not smoke during her pregnancy, she also needs to be cognizant of her surroundings. If she is around anyone else who is smoking, the secondhand smoke she breathes in is just as harmful to her growing fetus as though she were smoking the cigarette herself. The same is true of infants who are exposed to secondhand smoke. Additionally, infants exposed to smoke both in the womb and secondhand smoke after birth have an even greater risk of SIDS. Simply states, the CDC says that â€Å"parents can help protect their babies from SIDS by taking the following three actions: not smoking when pregnant, not smoking in the home or around the baby after the baby is born and putting the baby down to sleep on its back [another risk factor for SIDS]† (CDC website citation). Other complications that can arise are asthma, learning disabilities and behavioral problems. Works Cited http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/health_effects/pregnancy.htm (Aug 14, 2007) http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/Factsheets/Sids.htm (October 2006) http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/TobaccoUsePregnancy/index.htm (Oct 2,2007) Tobacco Use and Pregnancy: Home

General accepted accounting principles Essay

This is a set of rules that guide accountants and auditors in preparation and audit of financial statements. GAAPs guide financial reporting in public organizations under SEC requirements as well as in private companies and government organizations. These rules are not rigid and therefore allow the accountants and auditors applying them some room to make own judgments. GAAPs ensure that financial statements prepared under its standards are comparable, consistent, reliable and relevant. Such financial statement aid users in decision-making on such issues as investing decisions, credit worthiness and tax computation. They help accountants make decisions when encountered by a difficult situation. Financial statements prepared under GAAPs also reflect a true picture of the entity’s financial position. (Stickney, C. and R. Weil, 2005) Historical cost It is a generally accepted accounting principle that applies to preparation of the balance sheet. This principle dictates that an item in the financial statement should be recorded at the amount that it was paid for rather than at market value. This is because the market value fluctuates a lot and those preparing financial statements may apply subjective measures of the market value. Recording assets at their actual cost does not affect a business entity much since assets are held to facilitate the entity’s operations and not for resale. It is criticized for ignoring the time value of money and market values of the various balance sheet items. However it is preferred as it leaves the management no room to manipulate the values as they would with market values. Financial statements prepared under this principles on therefore more reliable. (Stickney, C. and R. Weil, 2005) Accrual basis vs. cash basis accounting Accrual basis accounting recognizes revenue in the accounting period it is realized or earned and not necessarily when they are paid up. Revenue is considered realizable if the entity has enough ground to expect cash in future. It is considered earned when the entity has done enough to warrant compensation. The accrual basis also dictates that expenses be charged from revenue they were incurred to produce. Cash basis accounting on the other hand, requires that revenues is recognized in the accounting period that cash is received and expenses in the period they are paid for. Revenues and expenses involves in credit transactions are therefore not recognized until payment is done. It is usually applied in small organizations with a short credit periods. It is simple and inexpensive since one does not have to maintain several ledger accounts such as accounts payable accounts receivable, prepaid and accrued expenses. It also allows the entities to defer tax payments until it receives the cash. However accrual basis is more widely used since it gives a fairer view of the financial performance of an entity. It also complies with the accrual and matching concepts under US GAAP. The difference between the two methods is on timing of recording transactions. Cash basis traces all cash flows but fails to match revenues with expenses incurred. Accrual basis matches revenues with expenses incurred but fails to trace cash flows. (Stickney, C. and R. Weil, 2005) To overcome this deficiency, the entity has to prepare a cash flow statement. Current assets and liabilities vs. non-current items Current assets are cash and assets that can be converted in to cash within a short period probably within a year. They include accounts receivable, inventory and prepaid expenses. Non –current assets are not convertible to cash in a short period and if convertible, there are still non-current as they are used in the entity’s operation. Non-current assets are either tangible or intangible. Tangible assets include property and plant and machinery while intangibles include goodwill’s and patents. Current liabilities are those liabilities that fall due and are paid up within a year include accounts payable accruals, and tax liability. Non-current liabilities fall due in the long term and include such items long-term debt and deferred income tax. This classification is useful in determining the financial position of an entity. A business entity should pay its current liabilities with current assets and non-current liabilities with non-current assets and equity. A firm financing its current liabilities with non-current assets is not in a healthy financial position. Part 2 Wal-Mart stores Inc The consolidated balance sheet is arranged in the order of liquidity while the cash flow is prepared under the indirect methods.  Ã‚   All the statements are prepared in compliance with the US GAAP. Accrual basis accounting is applied and revenues are matched with the expenses incurred to generate them. Assets are recorded at the actual cost of acquisition and not at the market value. The balance sheet items are classified as current and non- current items. (Wal-Mart, 2008)   Wal-Mart Stores cash flow from operating activities is higher than the net income. The company is in a position to meet its financial obligations as they fall due. The cash flow from operating activities is more useful to Wal-Mart since it is harder to manipulate than net income. This is especially so for a retailer where the management can engage in sales boosting activities such as channel stuffing. (Williams J. and J. Carcello, 2006). Google Inc The corporation’s income statement is prepared under the common sized format is thus easier to analyze. The balance sheet and cash flow statement have been combined in to a single statement devoid of much detail. The corporation’s cash flow from operating activities is higher than the net income, which is an indication of enough liquidity to meet obligations as they become due. The net income for Google is however more useful than the net cash flow from operating as more details of its calculation is provided in the company’s annual report while the cash flow is given as a final figure. (Google, 2008) Honda worldwide The financial statements are prepared using the accrual basis accounting and historical cost concept. The revenues and expenses are matched and balance sheet items recorded at the actual cost rather than in fair market value. The balance sheet items are classified as current and non-current and are in order of liquidity. The statements are in compliance with the Japanese financial accounting standards, and are in conformity with the US GAAP. The positive net cash flow from operations indicates that company has enough liquidity to meet its financial obligations. The operating cash flow is more useful since net income does not reflect the firms true financial performance. The cash dividends are paid out cash from operating activities and it was therefore prudent to issue them. (Honda, 2006) Predictions Wal-Mart Stores The company is likely to be more profitable and have higher cash flows in 2007. This is because its investment budget both domestically and internationally has grown consistently over time. From the annual report it is clear that while the firm will expand its operations internationally, the growth in revenues and cash flow may be hampered by interest rate fluctuations and exchange rate fluctuations. The effect of these fluctuations is however mitigated through hedges. (Wal-Mart, 2008) Google The company future financial out look is healthy and income and cash flow from operating activities are likely to grow in 2007. Constant growth in both measures of performance has been also increased absolutely and also relative to reverse. It has also achieved greater efficiency as the proportion of net income in revenue has growth consistently. The trend is likely to continue in 2007. (Google, 2008) Honda worldwide While the net income has been growing over time the net cash flow from operating activities have declined in 2006. This is an indication that the company may experience cash flow problems in 2007. This company projects that revenues will grow in 2007 in spite of risks posed by interest rate and foreign exchange fluctuations. It however projects the growth to be moderate. (Honda, 2006)

Global Missions Paper Essay

In this essay I will analyzes Escobar’s thesis and compares and contrasts his theological contribution with other theologians. I will discussion Escobar’s contextual approach as compared/contrasted in relation to one theological theme with two other contemporary theologians. I will summarize how Escobar’s overall theological contribution either expands or challenges the theological perspectives of the two theologians chosen. Lastly, I will look at how these perspectives would influence my ministry if I were in a culturally diverse ministry setting. In 1970 there was a group of theologists who came together and wanting to liberate themselves from a traditional fundamentalist view; they formed The Latin American Theology Fraternity called The International Fellowship of Evangelical Students. There hope was to establish their own identity within the fraternity because it was not tied to anything else. They received the chance to speak at a worldwide mixed denomination situation where they each deliberated spiritual matters that connected with the hardships of the Latin American people. In 1973 the Chicago Declaration was an effort to balance civic responsibility with Christian belief. Twenty years later as crisis arose it was renewed. Samuel Escobar was a leader who was among the first to know that a special methodology was necessary to get people to work together based on shared beliefs. His theology is structured by reevaluating Biblical disclosures and relating them to both social and political realities as he aims his concentr ation on a theology of mission work. In his book The New Global Mission I read about his lengthy thoughts on this matter. In there he is able to consider a new missionary drive and explores how he thinks evangelical mission work ought to be done. The Christian church’s mission on a more global front is to bring together believers from around the world. Escobar established a theology which started with the fraternity that merged social, church and state. Escobar understood that evolving cultures may not  always be in line with traditional Christian beliefs. Missionary work needs to investigate each new situation for the best possible outcome of all involved. Escobar proposed a missionary work that assigns the bond faith with in its tasks. He hails the success of spiritual works as integral to a mission. The overall effort must bring forth the involvement of each person who desires to share their faith socially. The projected outcome would be a church able to combine its mission objective with the desire to share its faith with others. Contextual theology disputes the differences of who and when theological literature was written. Theology also argues the contextual change in the setting. As the need arises to interpret various new religious questions new theology is formulated. Evangelicals now try to relate the theology to mission work in a framework that recognizes cultural changes. Escobar’s theology is said to have incorporated both social science and Biblical revelation. He was an avid supporter for the Bible and started the basis for the theology of mission work. He believed that working missionaries carry out the work as noted in evangelical revelations. The early theologian did not attempt to relate passages in the bible to the current events of the world. Escobar meet with both Pannenberg and Moltmann on this topic. Moltmann believed theology needed to relate to experiences in life. Pannenberg does not view this issue as relevant. He knew that the scriptures stated for followers to await a specific moment in time when the final truth, that which we cannot understand with limited knowledge would be revealed to us. Moltmann’s theology is grounded in biblical descriptions to him the scriptures are more than mere tales, they are real historical events and should be clarified as such. Pannenberg’s view on Biblical history is very much the same. Grenz when asked summarized Pannenberg’s theology as a notion of faith which is not a way of knowing in addition to reason but it is grounded in public historical knowledge. Both theologians offer their interpretations of the Bible not by considering it a legend but by claiming its historicity and its accurateness. The role of the gospel is also stressed by Escobar just like the other two theologians he approaches the issues by considering the Scriptures first, the world and how the Scriptures apply to the issue. Theology might not necessarily be dependent on the Bible but it tries to imply a need for  knowledge and understanding of God. Evangelicals and missionaries would be inconceivable without the Bible. Escobar argues that evangelicals must first acknowledge that they themselves have a long way to go in terms of deepening their understanding of biblical based mission work. In order to establish this as valid they must base it on sound biblical teachings. Escobar goes on to further state that theology history and the social science are useful as tools used for better understanding of God’s word and for contemporary mission work but only God’s Word that is inspired and always able to renew the mission. Escobar relates theology to history as he correlates these to sciences which are substantially valid for providing rational arguments in regards to the existence or the non existence of God. Many scientists disregard the Biblical truth as actual fact and indeed are moreinclined to read the Scripture as fantasy instead of historical true events. Evangelicals who are without adequate historical awareness or biblical training are subjected to making mistakes. He goes on to further emphasize that criticism must stand as the instrument of correction. The most basic convictions must remain a solid ground for evangelists and they must learn to embrace and sustain what is critical nature. When confronted with a setting that encompasses different cultures and we need to relate the Biblical truth in a way that is comprehensible and accurate for everyone we need to draw a line between what we think is valid and what individuals who are part of different cultures regard as such. We may stand solid for a certain group of individuals but it may not be relevant to a different group of people. It is with in this understanding that contextual theology is able to relate and the situation relates to the Bible being multi-cultural for all people. The Bible was written above culture and stands for everyone. In this sense working within a multi cultureal environment requires one to gain thourough knowledge of specific cultures while being open to sugesstions and having the ability to realate those ideas to traditional Biblical truths. Reference: Escobar, S. (2002). â€Å"Changing Tides: Latin America and World Mission Today,†Orbis Books Escobar, S. (2011). â€Å"A Time for Mission: The Challenge for Global Christianity,† InterVarsity Press Ford, David F., ed. (1997). â€Å"The Modern Theologians: An Introduction to Christian theology in the twentieth century (2nd ed.)†. Malden, MA Grenz, S.J. (1988). â€Å"Wolfhart Pannenberg’s quest for untimate truth† Religion online. Retrieved August 20, 2014 Grenz, S. J., & Olson, R. E. (1992). 20th-century theology: God and the world in a transitional age. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press.

Comparative Advantage Vs. Opportunity Costs - 853 Words

Comparative advantage simply means a country or a firm is able to produce goods or services at the lowest opportunity cost. This means that the firm or country can produce a particular good at a cheaper rate. Based on this theory, the countries which specialize in the production of that have the lowest opportunity costs often bring about an increament in the economic welfare. Countries or firms tend to produce more while at the same time consuming less of the goods or services they have a comparative advantage (Ruffin, 2002). The aspects of trade are always dynamic. When a particular country is producing a given good better than another country producing another different good (with the assumption that each demands for both goods), they would easily trade. However, a challenge comes when one country produces both goods in a better way than the other country. Such a shift in the aspects of trade focuses on the differences between the theory of comparative advantage versus opportunity costs (Ruffin, 2002). The comparative advantage theory champions for the increased benefits with specialization. The countries which specialize in the production of certain goods they are perfect at producing will end up profiting in such venture. Consequently, the gains made by such firms or countries from the trade can be used to acquire goods they desire and do not produce. Comparative advantage will thus not only affect the types of goods produced but also the pricing of various goodsShow MoreRelatedExamples Of Opportunity Cost On My Daily Life881 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion 1 Three examples of opportunity cost in my daily life: 1. Whether to ride a bus or drive a car to work. Even though riding the bus ends up being monetarily cheaper, and more relaxing than driving to work (taking into account, the car note, insurance, gas, etc.), it takes three times as long to get to and from work in comparison to driving my car. Hence, I forego the opportunity to ride the bus and be more relaxed over driving my car because it allows me to spend more quality time withRead MoreDavid Ricardos The Principle Of Political Economy And Taxation1519 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the founders of modern economics was David Ricardo who developed the concept of the comparative advantage of trade. This concept is a part of the classical theory of trade and was published in 1817 in David Ricardo’s book entitled the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (Appleyard Field, 2014, p. 30). This paper will address the effectiveness of this concept as it has been applied to real-world international trade after the General Agreement in Trade and Tariffs (GATT) was signedRead MoreA Comparative Advantage And Export Capital Intensive Commodities Based On Their Country Of Origin Essay1579 Words   |  7 PagesCompanies tend to be most competitive when they can benefit from comparative advantage in their country of origin. According to the Heckscher-Ohlin model which incorporates realistic production characteristics into Ricardo’s (1817) theory of comparative advantage, â€Å"capital abundant countries will export capital intensive goods.† (Suranovic, 2006) Putting this theorem into perspective, the USA has a comparative advantage and exports capital intensive commodities based on its relative abundance ofRead MorePerceptual Mapping Of A Product Or Brand1120 Words   |  5 Pagesdisplayed comparative to their competition. Perceptual maps are often used to help the organization to classify a positioning strategy. Perceptual mapping graph is useful to find out strength and weakness compare to other company product. Also, it helps to recognize the competitive advantage for the product. Moreover, it finds the market opportunity. It shows the empty space where brand or product has opportunities to improve their product quality and retain or gain competitive advantage. In perpetualRead MoreEcon 1012740 Words   |  11 Pagesissues †¢ Bad corporate responsibility The â€Å"Economic† way of thinking Choice under scarcity = trade offs Opportunity cost: the highest valued alternative that you give up to get something. Choices at the â€Å"margin† †¢ We look at the tradeoffs â€Å"at the margin† Marginal benefit (MB): benefit from an incremental increase in an activity. Marginal cost (MC): opportunity cost from an incremental increase in an activity. People respond to incentives MBMC= do more of an activity MB doesRead MoreNucor at a Crossroads1363 Words   |  6 Pagesovercapacity. Nucor’s only opportunity for growth seems to be to expand into the production of flat sheet metal. However, to compete in that area, Nucor would need to invest in a very risky new technology, a thin-slab casting plant that, if successful, would allow Nucor to manufacture flat sheet metal with a low minimum efficient scale and a low marginal cost of production. This case will examine Nucor’s history, the impacts of entering the thin-slab casting business, the advantages Nucor would reap, andRead MoreNucor at Crossroads1352 Words   |  6 Pagesovercapacity. Nucor’s only opportunity for growth seems to be to expand into the production of flat sheet metal. However, to compete in that area, Nucor would need to invest in a very risky new technology, a thin-slab casting plant that, if successful, would allow Nucor to manufacture flat sheet metal with a low minimum efficient scale and a lo w marginal cost of production. This case will examine Nucor’s history, the impacts of entering the thin-slab casting business, the advantages Nucor would reap, andRead MoreImport Substitution vs. Export Promotion2959 Words   |  12 PagesImport Substitution vs. Export Promotion Econ 240 Term Paper Group (19) Members: Amjad Hussain (13020031) Awais Javed (13020529) Fahd Mukaddam (13020407) Haider Shah (13020528) Hassan Jamil (13020023) Muhammad Bilal Ayub (13020413) Words (using page 2): 371*7 = 2597 IS vs. EP 2 How do the strategies of international trade affect growth? Why at times countries adopted different strategies of international trade? 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Specifically, I will analyze what negative effects the lack of subjugated knowledge causes within these system s foundations and their future betterment through Foucault’s lessons. As a rule, â€Å"most of the evil in this world is done by people with the best intentions† (T.S. Eliot). On October 1947, 23 nations in Geneva signed the General Agreement

A Book Offering Coping Strategies And Hope For Those With...

A book offering coping strategies and hope for those diagnosed with an Invisible Chronic Illness, Sick and Tired of Feeling Sick and Tired written by Mary E. Siegel and Paul J. Donoghue, also speaks a lot about how relationships are impacted by Invisible Chronic Illness but also offers suggestions and intervention strategies in order to fix them. Those with Invisible Chronic Illness often struggle to maintain normal relationships. The burdens that can come along with having an Invisible Chronic Illnesses can hinder even the strongest of relationships. When in times of need people tend to look towards their families for support, but sometimes this need is not met making their illness even harder to bare. Some of the challenges that familial relationships will face during the time someone is diagnosed with Invisible Chronic Illness will involve changes in roles, unmet needs of both parties, and self-doubt or doubt of others. Just like when someone is diagnosed with cancer and cannot do all of the tasks they once could, roles in a relationship will change. With an Invisible Chronic Illness there is no difference, but just like their illness their disabilities can sometimes be invisible. People tend to identify themselves as the role they play in society, so when an Invisible Chronic Illness comes into play it can threaten someone’s sense of self (Donoghue and Siegel, 179). With any illness there will be a decline in independence, causing reliance on family members to fulfillShow MoreRelatedJob Stress and Its Impact on Employee Performance18500 Words   |  74 Pageslittle bit of stress is good for you. But the situation is different; the challenge turns into job demands that cannot be met, relaxation turn to exhaustion, and a sense of satisfaction turn into feelings of stress. In short, the stage is set for illness, injury, and job failure. 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Essay about General Theory of Employment - 1708 Words

An analysis of Keynesian economic approach in Indian context The relevance of Keynes in Indian context is been questioned as well as a matter of discussion among various economists arenas and conferences from post independence to licence raj to neo-liberal shift. in the economic structure. According to the General Theory of Employment , Interest and Money has trivial relevance in underdeveloped countries like Indian context.According to the Keynes he posses his argument on based of his understanding that these economies do not suffer with involuntary unemployment. These economies do have the state of full Employment. According to Keynes these economies do not have a long term economic development plan which he termed as the major†¦show more content†¦So Keynesian Economics drives certain postulates: Wages are decided by the bargaining in the market in money terms. Wage money is fixed by the bargaining between employer and the Trade Unions. These wage rate are based on consumption, investment, price etc are measured in terms of wage units. Price of wage goods is determined by the capital expenditure, consumption and investment. There is very less propensity for a labor to save and there is very less propensity for a employer to consume in the scale of is of its investment. Aggregate demand price and aggregate supply sets up an equilibrium. This decided by the expenditure on consumption and the expenditure on Investment. At the level of equilibrium Involuntary Unemployment emerges when the real wage may be too high to provide Full employment. Which is a caused by the equilibrium between aggregate demand price and aggregate supply price. This lead to cut in the price of the wages. This would have direct effect on the money wage paid to the labor . Hence marginal dis-utility of labor may increase over marginal utility of the labor. A labor may not wiling to accept the work or an employer may increase the number of labor required for the same job. This can be controlled by maintaining low rate of interest and by increasing the propensity to consume. Keynes in this way critiqued the postulates given by the classicalShow MoreRelatedThe General Theory Of Employment, Interest, And Money1332 Words   |  6 PagesIn the renowned work, The General Theory of Empl oyment, Interest, and Money John Maynard Keynes breaks down his general theory of mercantilism and free trade into seven different section. Each section talking about his opposition to economic theorists and his views on the advantage of having an adaptable and well prepared system to maintain an efficient economy. In his first argument he starts off by explaining how  Ã¢â‚¬Å"for the past one hundred years there has been a remarkable divergence of opinion†Read MoreThe General Theory Of Employment, Interest, And Money.1653 Words   |  7 PagesThe General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money Background information about the Author John Maynard Keynes was born in Cambridge, England in 1883 (Bateman, Toshiaki, Maria, 2010). He was the first born in a family of three children. He spent most of his toddler years in Cambridge where he attended kindergarten. In 1889, he attended his first kindergarten lessons at Perse School for Girls where he was supposed to attend lessons for five days a week. At the initial stage of education, he showedRead MoreGeneral Theory Of Employment, Interest And Money2303 Words   |  10 Pagesmicroeconomics and macroeconomic. Compared to microeconomics, macroeconomics is a wider branch of economics. In 1936, macroeconomics emerged as a separate division of economics with the publication of John Maynard Keynes’ revolutionary book â€Å"The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money†. In the study of microeconomics, it is examined how individual units, whether they be households or firms, come to a decision on how to allocate resources and whether those decisions are a ppropriate. On the other handRead MoreJohn Maynard Keynes s Economic Theory And Policy After World War II1307 Words   |  6 Pagesfull employment. John Maynard Keynes came up with a theory as a counterargument: that aggregate demand is the single most powerful force in any economy. Keynes explains that free markets are not able to balance themselves out enough to lead to the full employment everyone was waiting for. 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These ideas were brought to the front by John Maynard Keynes, who in 1936 transformed much of the modern economics by a single book The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Keynes also wrote other titles as well as ‘A Tract on Monetary Reform (1923) which was an attempt to secure a monetary policy instead of the gold standard. Keynes (2002) believed that the stable economy of BritainRead MoreThe Keynesian Era During The Middle Of The Nineteenth Century1720 Words   |  7 Pagesnineteenth century, economists Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas Mathus, and John Stuart Mill all shared somewhat similar economic views of the world. Some of the main concepts covered during this time included the division of labor, theories of rent, value, and distribution, theories of market â€Å"gluts† and population, and opportunity cost, competition, and trade. 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This theory is commonly associated with neoclassical economics. Milton Friedman, a famous economist, modified this quantity theory of money by formulating a theory called the general theory of asset demand, where money demand is a function of wealth and returns of other assets relative to money. The Keynesian school also came up with a different theory ofRead MoreJohn Maynard Keynes : The Father Of Macroeconomics1502 Words   |  7 Pageseconomist, whose impact on economic theories has proven substa ntial contribution to reconstructing of economical values. He had influential individuals who helped intrigue and develop his interests in economic. Keynes interests were beyond economics; he took active stance on proposing post-war monetary funds, important for Germany’s reparation and reconstruction funds after World War II. Through his different opportunities and bureaucracy, Keynes developed theories, for which he believed is vital to

Apples Recruitment Empowering Self-Esteem

Question: Describe about the Report for Apples Recruitment of Empowering Self-Esteem. Answer: Recruitment is the method of attracting the pool of suitable applicants for vacant positions within the organization (Stone, 2013). It is necessary for recruiting the right candidate for the right position because it helps in meeting the objectives of the business. Therefore, the appropriate methods for recruitment need to be used (Stafsudd, 2003). Apple is considered as the number 1 innovative corporation in the world. The companys strategy ofinnovation involves new products andpioneering business models. Apple is a brand where most of the people are willing to work. It is so famous that some people say that it is easy to take admission in Harvard as compared to getting on board of Apple. It clearly shows that getting Apple is not simple. Although getting employed is cumbersome, but even after getting through the tough procedure satisfaction is quite less (Mei-Ying Wu, 2011). The recruitment method used by Apple is internal recruitment, i.e. posting the job on the website. The Humanistic (Soft) approach is being followed in Apple. The employee who joins this organization admits that the experienced gain is three times more as compared to other companies (Stone, 2013). Thus, it demonstrates that employee development is a priority. Although the employee development is the priority, but the individual who has joined as a technician remains the same. His experience over the period doesnot give him added advantage like other companies.Besides this, the individual has to work along with other teams to provide the best product in the market (Himelstein, 2011). The working hours are more than 60 hours per week. Moreover, the employees are required to live on the premises and paying for the rent as well as food. The recruitment process of Apple is similar to the other organizations procedure. This method is tedious and time-consuming. The candidate applies to the website for the openings. After applying, they call the candidate via email and each applicant has to undergo 3 to 4 rounds of interviews which help in matching the profile of the aspirant with the job opening. The first interview consists of a group interview in which candidates will in a group setting of around 15 applicants (Berger, 2013). There are a series of social questions, and people person questions. Besides this, there would be certain role-playing activities in which the candidate plays the role of an employee as well as the customer. These interviews, as well as the interactions, are screened for giving the result of the first round. Apart from this certain characteristics of a person are also assessed like the dressing sense, his ability to ask questions and gestures during the interview. If the candidate qualifies the first round of interview, then a background check will be done. Every individual has to go through the same process. The technical person might be good at his work, but not in communication. Just because he is not good at expressing he will be rejecte d. After the background check, the applicant will be notified for second interview within a time span of a week. (Mueller and Frandsen, 2016). The second round is the telephonic interview which lasts for 15 minutes. During this conversation, the candidate is asked about their opinion of Apple as an organization and their interest in the job position. If a person needs the job, he will surely speak well about the job. Assessing the job fit by asking about the organization does not seem to be the right criteria (Boon and Biron, 2016). Once the person qualifies this round, then the applicant is called for personal interview. The interview is conducted by the manager of the store. The candidate is asked about their previous experience, and their ability to handle situations will be checked. The person who has the referrals will be preferred on the priority basis rather than the individual who possess skills. The head manager takes the last round of the selected candidates. During this interview, the same set of standard questions is asked along with some personal queries. For, e.g., the past of the candidates. The discussion co ntinues for about 20 minutes, and the response is intimated within a week span. In the last round, not only the future but also the past of the candidate is asked to make certain that the person will do the job well enough, and they will take the occupation even if the salary expectations are not met. After the span of a week, the result of an interview is intimated either through a phone call or via email. Apple employees feel their work experience is beyond the paycheck or any other employee in any other organization. They feel valued and bigger than themselves because of Apple. The key message behind this is that they inspire and engage people from the very beginning (Pandita and Bedarkar, 2015). But the real picture is altogether different. Apple does not tell the trainees untill the time they are hired that they will be on the training program of four-week, 8 a.m.-5 p.m. which is actually a testing period. The program is broken into four, with each having one-week sections of live instruction as well as self-paced modules. At the end of every week, there is an exam. There are given two likelihood of hitting the scoring benchmark. If they fail in both the attempts they are out of the program. Therefore, workers pay full attention to keep the job even after selection because they have tried so hard to reach here. Even after qualifying the employee faces various problems like shifting from one place to another. The waste is improperly disposed of in some of the places. Apple is also facing criticism from the shareholders due to the lack of diversity. Apple maintains excessive secrecy which makes it unfeasible to know why the person has been asked to do the assignment. The only option is to do it blindly. The recruitment of the right person at the right place and at the right time saves the time and cost of hiring. To ensure this a person is appointed which will be fit for the job various rounds of the interview are conducted in the organization. Still, there is the lack of satisfaction among the people which leads to turnover due to the above-mentioned reasons. The products of Apple are very innovative, and user-friendly but the working conditions are very shocking where a person is unable to contribute (Kemp, 2005). References: Berger, P. (2013). interview. Electronics Letters, 49(7), pp.436-436. Boon, C. and Biron, M. (2016). Temporal issues in person-organization fit, person-job fit and turnover: The role of leader-member exchange. Human Relations. Bouwhuis, D. (2015). Empowering self-esteem. Gerontechnology, 13(4). Himelstein, S. (2011). Engaging the moment with incarcerated youth: An existentialhumanistic approach. The Humanistic Psychologist, 39(3), pp.206-221. Kemp, A. (2005). Inside job [internal EDA tool development]. Electronics Systems and Software, 3(4), pp.20-22. Mei-Ying Wu, (2011). The effects of internal marketing, job satisfaction and service attitude on job performance among high-tech firm. Afr. J. Bus. Manage., 5(32). Mueller, D. and Frandsen, R. (2016). Trends in firearm background check applications and denials. Journal of Public Affairs. Pandita, D. and Bedarkar, M. (2015). Factors Affecting Employee Performance: A Conceptual Study on the Drivers of Employee Engagement. Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management, 8(7), p.29. Stafsudd, A. (2003). Recruitment policy vs. Recruitment process: espoused theory and theory-in-use. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2003(1), pp.G1-G6. Stone, R. (2013). Managing human resources. Milton, Qld.: John Wiley and Sons.